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Descrição do livro
THIS CASEBOOK contains a selection of U. S. Court of Appeals decisions that analyze, interpret and apply provisions of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. Volume 1 of the casebook covers the District of Columbia Circuit and the First through the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals.
Title IX states that no person "shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subject to discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance." Passed under Congress's Spending Clause authority, Title IX is contractual in nature, not banning discrimination outright but "conditioning an offer of federal funding on a promise by the recipient not to discriminate." Put simply, there are strings attached. And if a school that receives federal funding violates the "no sex discrimination" condition, it may be held liable for money damages.
The Supreme Court in Gebser defined the contours of Title IX liability. And it did so carefully, given the statute's contractual framework. Essentially, schools are liable only for intentional sex discrimination. And while Title IX covers "diverse forms" of such of discrimination [, ] it is not easy to prove an intentional violation of Title IX. Boiled down, Title IX requires actual notice to an "appropriate person" and "an opportunity for voluntary compliance." Gebser, 524 U.S. at 290, 118 S.Ct. 1989.
Doe v. Edgewood Independent School Dist., 964 F. 3d 351 (5th Cir. 2020)
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