1775-1803 (English Edition) baixar livro de graça

1775-1803

This legal casebook excerpt surveys English ecclesiastical tithe law as it developed from the 16th to the early 19th century, with a principal eighteenth-century decision and a comprehensive addenda of earlier precedents. Set in the Common Pleas, Exchequer and related ecclesiastical courts, it examines how tithes are set out in kind or in lieu, and how moduses (customary payments) and real compositions interact with the severance of tithe from the freehold. Core issues include the validity of establishing tithe by custom, whether a real composition can be proven by usage alone, and whether long usage can substitute for a deed or for severance of tithe from the freehold. Reasoning emphasizes that tithe rights must sever from the land to be actionable in church courts; a real composition requires discharge of tithe plus compensation, while mere permissions or immemorial usage alone do not constitute a valid composition. Usage evidence can support a modus but not a genuine composition, and fraud risks are noted where customs enable landowners to control tithe yields. The addenda gather numerous 16th–18th-century cases expanding tithe law—covering moduses, alteragia and minute decima, terriers, maps, and parish records as evidence—and outline the evolving role of commissions, equity, and forest-law considerations in determining rights. The compilation spans decisions from the 16th through the early 19th centuries, illustrating how tithe doctrine evolved with land divisions, inclosure, and court practice.

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